> > Srimad Bhagavatam - Canto 3
> > Sanskrit, word-for-word and original translation of Swami Prabhupâda
> > (for the purports one will have to consult the books under the copyright of the BBT)

> > Canto 3 Part 1

> > **************

> > Chapter Eleven: Calculation of Time, from the Atom

> > ******

> > TEXT 1

> > maitreya uvaca

> > caramah sad-visesanam

> > aneko 'samyutah sada

> > paramanuh sa vijneyo

> > nrnam aikya-bhramo yatah

> > maitreyah uvaca: Maitreya said; caramah: ultimate; sat: effect; visesanam: symptoms; anekah: innumerable; asamyutah: unmixed; sada: always; parama-anuh: atoms; sah: that; vijneyah: should be understood; nrnam: of men; aikya: oneness; bhramah: mistaken; yatah: from which.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The material manifestation's ultimate particle, which is indivisible and not formed into a body, is called the atom. It exists always as an invisible identity, even after the dissolution of all forms. The material body is but a combination of such atoms, but it is misunderstood by the common man.

> > ******

> > TEXT 2

> > sata eva padarthasya

> > svarupavasthitasya yat

> > kaivalyam parama-mahan

> > aviseso nirantarah

> > satah: of the effective manifestation; eva: certainly; pada-arthasya: of physical bodies; svarupa-avasthitasya: staying in the same form even to the time of dissolution; yat: that which; kaivalyam: oneness; parama: the supreme; mahan: unlimited; avisesah: forms; nirantarah: eternally.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Atoms are the ultimate state of the manifest universe. When they stay in their own forms without forming different bodies, they are called the unlimited oneness. There are certainly different bodies in physical forms, but the atoms themselves form the complete manifestation.

> > ******

> > TEXT 3

> > evam kalo 'py anumitah

> > sauksmye sthaulye ca sattama

> > samsthana-bhuktya bhagavan

> > avyakto vyakta-bhug vibhuh

> > evam: thus; kalah: time; api: also; anumitah: measured; sauksmye: in the subtle; sthaulye: in the gross forms; ca: also; sattama: O best; samsthana: combinations of the atoms; bhuktya: by the motion; bhagavan: the Supreme Personality of Godhead; avyaktah: unmanifested; vyakta-bhuk: controlling all physical movement; vibhuh: the great potential.

> > TRANSLATION

> > One can estimate time by measuring the movement of the atomic combination of bodies. Time is the potency of the almighty Personality of Godhead, Hari, who controls all physical movement although He is not visible in the physical world.

> > ******

> > TEXT 4

> > sa kalah paramanur vai

> > yo bhunkte paramanutam

> > sato 'visesa-bhug yas tu

> > sa kalah paramo mahan

> > sah: that; kalah: eternal time; parama-anuh: atomic; vai: certainly; yah: which; bhunkte: passes through; parama-anutam: the space of an atom; satah: of the entire aggregate; avisesa-bhuk: passing through the nondual exhibition; yah tu: which; sah: that; kalah: time; paramah: the supreme; mahan: the great.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Atomic time is measured according to its covering a particular atomic space. That time which covers the unmanifest aggregate of atoms is called the great time.

> > ******

> > TEXT 5

> > anur dvau paramanu syat

> > trasarenus trayah smrtah

> > jalarka-rasmy-avagatah

> > kham evanupatann agat

> > anuh: double atom; dvau: two; parama-anu: atoms; syat: become; trasarenuh: hexatom; trayah: three; smrtah: considered; jala-arka: of sunshine through the holes of a window screen; rasmi: by the rays; avagatah: can be known; kham eva: towards the sky; anupatan agat: going up.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The division of gross time is calculated as follows: two atoms make one double atom, and three double atoms make one hexatom. This hexatom is visible in the sunshine which enters through the holes of a window screen. One can clearly see that the hexatom goes up towards the sky.

> > ******

> > TEXT 6

> > trasarenu-trikam bhunkte

> > yah kalah sa trutih smrtah

> > sata-bhagas tu vedhah syat

> > tais tribhis tu lavah smrtah

> > trasarenu-trikam: combination of three hexatoms; bhunkte: as they take time to integrate; yah: that which; kalah: duration of time; sah: that; trutih: by the name truti; smrtah: is called; sata-bhagah: one hundred trutis; tu: but; vedhah: called a vedha; syat: it so happens; taih: by them; tribhih: three times; tu: but; lavah: lava; smrtah: so called.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The time duration needed for the integration of three trasarenus is called a truti, and one hundred trutis make one vedha. Three vedhas make one lava.

> > ******

> > TEXT 7

> > nimesas tri-lavo jneya

> > amnatas te trayah ksanah

> > ksanan panca viduh kastham

> > laghu ta dasa panca ca

> > nimesah: the duration of time called a nimesa; tri-lavah: the duration of three lavas; jneyah: is to be known; amnatah: it is so called; te: they; trayah: three; ksanah: the duration of time called a ksana; ksanan: such ksanas; panca: five; viduh: one should understand; kastham: the duration of time called a kastha; laghu: the duration of time called a laghu; tah: those; dasa panca: fifteen; ca: also.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The duration of time of three lavas is equal to one nimesa, the combination of three nimesas makes one ksana, five ksanas combined together make one kastha, and fifteen kasthas make one laghu.

> > ******

> > TEXT 8

> > laghuni vai samamnata

> > dasa panca ca nadiha

> > te dve muhurtah praharah

> > sad yamah sapta va nrnam

> > laghuni: such laghus (each of two minutes); vai: exactly; samamnata: is called; dasa panca: fifteen; ca: also; nadiha: a nadika; te: of them; dve: two; muhurtah: a moment; praharah: three hours; sat: six; yamah: one fourth of a day or night; sapta: seven; va: or; nrnam: of human calculation.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Fifteen laghus make one nadika, which is also called a danda. Two dandas make one muhurta, and six or seven dandas make one fourth of a day or night, according to human calculation.

> > ******

> > TEXT 9

> > dvadasardha-palonmanam

> > caturbhis catur-angulaih

> > svarna-masaih krta-cchidram

> > yavat prastha jala-plutam

> > dvadasa-ardha: six; pala: of the scale of weight; unmanam: measuring pot; caturbhih: by weight of four; catuh-angulaih: four fingers by measure; svarna: of gold; masaih: of the weight; krta-chidram: making a hole; yavat: as long as; prastha: measuring one prastha; jala-plutam: filled by water.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The measuring pot for one nadika, or danda, can be prepared with a six-pala-weight [fourteen ounce] pot of copper, in which a hole is bored with a gold probe weighing four masa and measuring four fingers long. When the pot is placed on water, the time before the water overflows in the pot is called one danda.

> > ******

> > TEXT 10

> > yamas catvaras catvaro

> > martyanam ahani ubhe

> > paksah panca-dasahani

> > suklah krsnas ca manada

> > yamah: three hours; catvarah: four; catvarah: and four; martyanam: of the human beings; ahani: duration of day; ubhe: both day and night; paksah: fortnight; panca-dasa: fifteen; ahani: days; suklah: white; krsnah: black; ca: also; manada: measured.

> > TRANSLATION

> > It is calculated that there are four praharas, which are also called yamas, in the day and four in the night of the human being. Similarly, fifteen days and nights are a fortnight, and there are two fortnights, white and black, in a month.

> > ******

> > TEXT 11

> > tayoh samuccayo masah

> > pitrnam tad ahar-nisam

> > dvau tav rtuh sad ayanam

> > daksinam cottaram divi

> > tayoh: of them; samuccayah: aggregate; masah: month; pitrnam: of the Pita planets; tat: that (month); ahah-nisam: day and night; dvau: two; tau: months; rtuh: a season; sat: six; ayanam: the movement of the sun in six months; daksinam: southern; ca: also; uttaram: northern; divi: in the heavens.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The aggregate of two fortnights is one month, and that period is one complete day and night for the Pita planets. Two of such months comprise one season, and six months comprise one complete movement of the sun from south to north.

> > ******

> > TEXT 12

> > ayane cahani prahur

> > vatsaro dvadasa smrtah

> > samvatsara-satam nrnam

> > paramayur nirupitam

> > ayane: in the solar movement (of six months); ca: and; ahani: a day of the demigods; prahuh: it is said; vatsarah: one calendar year; dvadasa: twelve months; smrtah: is so called; samvatsara-satam: one hundred years; nr-nam: of human beings; parama-ayuh: duration of life; nirupitam: is estimated.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Two solar movements make one day and night of the demigods, and that combination of day and night is one complete calendar year for the human being. The human being has a duration of life of one hundred years.

> > ******

> > TEXT 13

> > graharksa-tara-cakra-sthah

> > paramanv-adina jagat

> > samvatsaravasanena

> > paryety animiso vibhuh

> > graha: influential planets like the moon; rksa: luminaries like Asvini; tara: stars; cakra-sthah: in the orbit; parama-anu-adina: along with the atoms; jagat: the entire universe; samvatsara-avasanena: by the end of one year; paryeti: completes its orbit; animisah: the eternal time; vibhuh: the Almighty.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Influential stars, planets, luminaries and atoms all over the universe are rotating in their respective orbits under the direction of the Supreme, represented by eternal kala.

> > ******

> > TEXT 14

> > samvatsarah parivatsara

> > ida-vatsara eva ca

> > anuvatsaro vatsaras ca

> > viduraivam prabhasyate

> > samvatsarah: orbit of the sun; parivatsarah: circumambulation of Brhaspati; ida-vatsarah: orbit of the stars; eva: as they are; ca: also; anuvatsarah: orbit of the moon; vatsarah: one calendar year; ca: also; vidura: O Vidura; evam: thus; prabhasyate: they are so told.

> > TRANSLATION

> > There are five different names for the orbits of the sun, moon, stars and luminaries in the firmament, and they each have their own samvatsara.

> > ******

> > TEXT 15

> > yah srjya-saktim urudhocchvasayan sva-saktya

> > pumso 'bhramaya divi dhavati bhuta-bhedah

> > kalakhyaya gunamayam kratubhir vitanvams

> > tasmai balim harata vatsara-pancahaya

> > yah: one who; srjya: of creation; saktim: the seeds; urudha: in various ways; ucchvasayan: invigorating; sva-saktya: by his own energy; pumsah: of the living entity; abhramaya: to dissipate darkness; divi: during the daytime; dhavati: moves; bhuta-bhedah: distinct from all other material form; kala-akhyaya: by the name eternal time; guna-mayam: the material results; kratubhih: by offerings; vitanvan: enlarging; tasmai: unto him; balim: ingredients of offerings; harata: one should offer; vatsara-pancahaya: offerings every five years.

> > TRANSLATION

> > O Vidura, the sun enlivens all living entities with his unlimited heat and light. He diminishes the duration of life of all living entities in order to release them from their illusion of material attachment, and he enlarges the path of elevation to the heavenly kingdom. He thus moves in the firmament with great velocity, and therefore everyone should offer him respects once every five years with all ingredients of worship.

> > ******

> > TEXT 16

> > vidura uvaca

> > pitr-deva-manusyanam

> > ayuh param idam smrtam

> > paresam gatim acaksva

> > ye syuh kalpad bahir vidah

> > vidurah uvaca: Vidura said; pitr: the Pita planets; deva: the heavenly planets; manusyanam: and that of the human beings; ayuh: duration of life; param: final; idam: in their own measurement; smrtam: calculated; paresam: of the superior living entities; gatim: duration of life; acaksva: kindly calculate; ye: all those who; syuh: are; kalpat: from the millennium; bahih: outside; vidah: greatly learned.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Vidura said: I now understand the life durations of the residents of the Pita planets and heavenly planets as well as that of the human beings. Now kindly inform me of the durations of life of those greatly learned living entities who are beyond the range of a kalpa.

> > ******

> > TEXT 17

> > bhagavan veda kalasya

> > gatim bhagavato nanu

> > visvam vicaksate dhira

> > yoga-raddhena caksusa

> > bhagavan: O spiritually powerful one; veda: you know; kalasya: of the eternal time; gatim: movements; bhagavatah: of the Supreme Personality of Godhead; nanu: as a matter of course; visvam: the whole universe; vicaksate: see; dhirah: those who are self-realized; yoga-raddhena: by dint of mystic vision; caksusa: by the eyes.

> > TRANSLATION

> > O spiritually powerful one, you can understand the movements of eternal time, which is the controlling form of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Because you are a self-realized person, you can see everything by the power of mystic vision.

> > ******

> > TEXT 18

> > maitreya uvaca

> > krtam treta dvaparam ca

> > kalis ceti catur-yugam

> > divyair dvadasabhir varsaih

> > savadhanam nirupitam

> > maitreyah uvaca: Maitreya said; krtam: the age of Satya; treta: the age of Treta; dvaparam: the age of Dvapara; ca: also; kalih: the age of Kali; ca: and; iti: thus; catuh-yugam: four millenniums; divyaih: of the demigods; dvadasabhih: twelve; varsaih: thousands of years; sa-avadhanam: approximately; nirupitam: ascertained.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Maitreya said: O Vidura, the four millenniums are called the Satya, Treta, Dvapara and Kali yugas. The aggregate number of years of all of these combined is equal to twelve thousand years of the demigods.

> > ******

> > TEXT 19

> > catvari trini dve caikam

> > krtadisu yatha-kramam

> > sankhyatani sahasrani

> > dvi-gunani satani ca

> > catvari: four; trini: three; dve: two; ca: also; ekam: one; krta-adisu: in the Satya-yuga; yatha-kramam: and subsequently others; sankhyatani: numbering; sahasrani: thousands; dvi-gunani: twice; satani: hundreds; ca: also.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The duration of the Satya millennium equals 4,800 years of the years of the demigods; the duration of the Dvapara millennium equals 2,400 years; and that of the Kali millennium is 1,200 years of the demigods.

> > ******

> > TEXT 20

> > sandhya-sandhyamsayor antar

> > yah kalah sata-sankhyayoh

> > tam evahur yugam taj jna

> > yatra dharmo vidhiyate

> > sandhya: transitional period before; sandhya-amsayoh: and transitional period after; antah: within; yah: that which; kalah: duration of time; sata-sankhyayoh: hundreds of years; tam eva: that period; ahuh: they call; yugam: millennium; tat jnah: the expert astronomers; yatra: wherein; dharmah: religion; vidhiyate: is performed.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The transitional periods before and after every millennium, which are a few hundred years as aforementioned, are known as yuga-sandhyas, or the conjunctions of two millenniums, according to the expert astronomers. In those periods all kinds of religious activities are performed.

> > ******

> > TEXT 21

> > dharmas catus-pan manujan

> > krte samanuvartate

> > sa evanyesv adharmena

> > vyeti padena vardhata

> > dharmah: religion; catuh-pat: complete four dimensions; manujan: mankind; krte: in the Satya-yuga; samanuvartate: properly maintained; sah: that; eva: certainly; anyesu: in other; adharmena: by the influence of irreligion; vyeti: declined; padena: by one part; vardhata: gradually increasing proportionately.

> > TRANSLATION

> > O Vidura, in the Satya millennium mankind properly and completely maintained the principles of religion, but in other millenniums religion gradually decreased by one part as irreligion was proportionately admitted.

> > ******

> > TEXT 22

> > tri-lokya yuga-sahasram

> > bahir abrahmano dinam

> > tavaty eva nisa tata

> > yan nimilati visva-srk

> > tri-lokyah: of the three worlds; yuga: the four yugas; sahasram: one thousand; bahih: outside of; abrahmanah: up to Brahmaloka; dinam: is a day; tavati: a similar (period); eva: certainly; nisa: is night; tata: O dear one; yat: because; nimilati: goes to sleep; visva-srk: Brahma.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Outside of the three planetary systems [Svarga, Martya and Patala], the four yugas multiplied by one thousand comprise one day on the planet of Brahma. A similar period comprises a night of Brahma, in which the creator of the universe goes to sleep.

> > ******

> > TEXT 23

> > nisavasana arabdho

> > loka-kalpo 'nuvartate

> > yavad dinam bhagavato

> > manun bhunjams catur-dasa

> > nisa: night; avasane: termination; arabdhah: beginning from; loka-kalpah: further creation of the three worlds; anuvartate: follows; yavat: until; dinam: the daytime; bhagavatah: of the lord (Brahma); manun: the Manus; bhunjan: existing through; catuh-dasa: fourteen.

> > TRANSLATION

> > After the end of Brahma's night, the creation of the three worlds begins again in the daytime of Brahma, and they continue to exist through the life durations of fourteen consecutive Manus, or fathers of mankind.

> > ******

> > TEXT 24

> > svam svam kalam manur bhunkte

> > sadhiham hy eka-saptatim

> > svam: own; svam: accordingly; kalam: duration of life; manuh: Manu; bhunkte: enjoys; sa-adhiham: a little more than; hi: certainly; eka-saptatim: seventy-one.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Each and every Manu enjoys a life of a little more than seventy-one sets of four millenniums.

> > ******

> > TEXT 25

> > manvantaresu manavas

> > tad-vamsya rsayah surah

> > bhavanti caiva yugapat

> > suresas canu ye ca tan

> > manu-antaresu: after the dissolution of each and every Manu; manavah: other Manus; tat-vamsyah: and their descendants; rsayah: the seven famous sages; surah: devotees of the Lord; bhavanti: flourish; ca eva: also all of them; yugapat: simultaneously; sura-isah: demigods like Indra; ca: and; anu: followers; ye: all; ca: also; tan: them.

> > TRANSLATION

> > After the dissolution of each and every Manu, the next Manu comes in order, along with his descendants, who rule over the different planets; but the seven famous sages, and demigods like Indra and their followers, such as the Gandharvas, all appear simultaneously with Manu.

> > ******

> > TEXT 26

> > esa dainan-dinah sargo

> > brahmas trailokya-vartanah

> > tiryan-nr-pitr-devanam

> > sambhavo yatra karmabhih

> > esah: all these creations; dainam-dinah: daily; sargah: creation; brahmah: in terms of the days of Brahma; trailokya-vartanah: revolution of the three worlds; tiryak: animals lower than the human beings; nr: human beings; pitr: of the Pita planets; devanam: of the demigods; sambhavah: appearance; yatra: wherein; karmabhih: in the cycle of fruitive activities.

> > TRANSLATION

> > In the creation, during Brahma's day, the three planetary systems [Svarga, Martya and Pâtâla] revolve, and the inhabitants, including the lower animals, human beings, demigods and Pitas, appear and disappear in terms of their fruitive activities.

> > ******

> > TEXT 27

> > manvantaresu bhagavan

> > bibhrat sattvam sva-murtibhih

> > manv-adibhir idam visvam

> > avaty udita-paurusah

> > manu-antaresu: in each change of Manu; bhagavan: the Personality of Godhead; bibhrat: manifesting; sattvam: His internal potency; sva-murtibhih: by His different incarnations; manu-adibhih: as Manus; idam: this; visvam: the universe; avati: maintains; udita: discovering; paurusah: divine potencies.

> > TRANSLATION

> > In each and every change of Manu, the Supreme Personality of Godhead appears by manifesting His internal potency in different incarnations, as Manu and others. Thus He maintains the universe by discovered power.

> > ******

> > TEXT 28

> > tamo-matram upadaya

> > pratisamruddha-vikramah

> > kalenanugatasesa

> > aste tusnim dinatyaye

> > tamah: the mode of ignorance, or the darkness of night; matram: an insignificant portion only; upadaya: accepting; pratisamruddha-vikramah: suspending all power of manifestation; kalena: by means of the eternal kala; anugata: merged in; asesah: innumerable living entities; aste: remains; tusnim: silent; dina-atyaye: at the end of the day.

> > TRANSLATION

> > At the end of the day, under the insignificant portion of the mode of darkness, the powerful manifestation of the universe merges in the darkness of night. By the influence of eternal time, the innumerable living entities remain merged in that dissolution, and everything is silent.

> > ******

> > TEXT 29

> > tam evanv api dhiyante

> > loha bhur-adayas trayah

> > nisayam anuvrttayam

> > nirmukta-sasi-bhaskaram

> > tam: that; eva: certainly; anu: after; api dhiyante: are out of sight; lokah: the planets; bhuh-adayah: the three worlds, Bhuh, Bhuvah and Svah; trayah: three; nisayam: in the night; anuvrttayam: ordinary; nirmukta: without glare; sasi: the moon; bhaskaram: the sun.

> > TRANSLATION

> > When the night of Brahma ensues, all the three worlds are out of sight, and the sun and the moon are without glare, just as in the due course of an ordinary night.

> > ******

> > TEXT 30

> > tri-lokyam dahyamanayam

> > saktya sankarsanagnina

> > yanty usmana maharlokaj

> > janam bhrgv-adayo 'rditah

> > tri-lokyam: when the spheres of the three worlds; dahyama: nayam: being set ablaze; saktya: by the potency; sankarsana: from the mouth of Sankarsana; agnina: by the fire; yanti: they go; u-smana: heated by the warmth; mahah-lokat: from Maharloka; janam: to Janaloka; bhrgu: the sage Bhrgu; adayah: and others; arditah: being so distressed.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The devastation takes place due to the fire emanating from the mouth of Sankarsana, and thus great sages like Bhrgu and other inhabitants of Maharloka transport themselves to Janaloka, being distressed by the warmth of the blazing fire which rages through the three worlds below.

> > ******

> > TEXT 31

> > tavat tri-bhuvanam sadyah

> > kalpantaidhita-sindhavah

> > plavayanty utkatatopa-

> > canda-vateritormayah

> > tavat: then; tri-bhuvanam: all the three worlds; sadyah: immediately after; kalpa-anta: in the beginning of the devastation; edhita: inflated; sindhavah: all the oceans; plavayanti: inundate; utkata: violent; atopa: agitation; canda: hurricane; vata: by winds; irita: blown; urmayah: waves.

> > TRANSLATION

> > At the beginning of the devastation all the seas overflow, and hurricane winds blow very violently. Thus the waves of the seas become ferocious, and in no time at all the three worlds are full of water.

> > ******

> > TEXT 32

> > antah sa tasmin salila

> > aste 'nantasano harih

> > yoga-nidra-nimilaksah

> > stuyamano janalayaih

> > antah: within; sah: that; tasmin: in that; salile: water; aste: there is; ananta: Ananta; asanah: on the seat of; harih: the Lord; yoga: mystic; nidra: sleep; nimila-aksah: eyes closed; stuyamanah: being glorified; jana-alayaih: by the inhabitants of the Janaloka planets.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The Supreme Lord, the Personality of Godhead, lies down in the water on the seat of Ananta, with His eyes closed, and the inhabitants of the Janaloka planets offer their glorious prayers unto the Lord with folded hands.

> > ******

> > TEXT 33

> > evam-vidhair aho-ratraih

> > kala-gatyopalaksitaih

> > apaksitam ivasyapi

> > paramayur vayah-satam

> > evam: thus; vidhaih: by the process of; ahah: days; ratraih: by nights; kala-gatya: advancement of time; upalaksitaih: by such symptoms; apaksitam: declined; iva: just like; asya: his; api: although; parama-ayuh: duration of life; vayah: years; satam: one hundred.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Thus the process of the exhaustion of the duration of life exists for every one of the living beings, including Lord Brahma. One's life endures for only one hundred years, in terms of the times in the different planets.

> > ******

> > TEXT 34

> > yad ardham ayusas tasya

> > parardham abhidhiyate

> > purvah parardho 'pakranto

> > hy aparo 'dya pravartate

> > yat: that which; ardham: half; ayusah: of the duration of life; tasya: his; parardham: a parardha; abhidhiyate: is called; purvah: the former; para-ardhah: half of the duration of life; apakrantah: having passed; hi: certainly; aparah: the latter; adya: in this millennium; pravartate: shall begin.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The one hundred years of Brahma's life are divided into two parts, the first half and the second half. The first half of the duration of Brahma's life is already over, and the second half is now current.

> > ******

> > TEXT 35

> > purvasyadau parardhasya

> > brahmo nama mahan abhut

> > kalpo yatrabhavad brahma

> > sabda-brahmeti yam viduh

> > purvasya: of the first half; adau: in the beginning; para-ardhasya: of the superior half; brahmah: Brahma-kalpa; nama: of the name; mahan: very great; abhut: was manifest; kalpah: millennium; yatra: whereupon; abhavat: appeared; brahma: Lord Brahma; sabda-brahma iti: the sounds of the Veda; yam: which; viduh: they know.

> > TRANSLATION

> > In the beginning of the first half of Brahma's life, there was a millennium called Brahma-kalpa, wherein Lord Brahma appeared. The birth of the Vedas was simultaneous with Brahma's birth.

> > ******

> > TEXT 36

> > tasyaiva cante kaipo 'bhud

> > yam padmam abhicaksate

> > yad dharer nabhi-sarasa

> > asil loka-saroruham

> > tasya: of the Brahma-kalpa; eva: certainly; ca: also; ante: at the end of; kalpah: millennium; abhut: came into existence; yam: which; padmam: Padma; abhicaksate: is called; yat: in which; hareh: of the Personality of Godhead; nabhi: in the navel; sarasah: from the reservoir of water; asit: there was; loka: of the universe; saroruham: lotus.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The millennium which followed the first Brahma millennium is known as the Padma-kalpa because in that millennium the universal lotus flower grew out of the navel reservoir of water of the Personality of Godhead, Hari.

> > ******

> > TEXT 37

> > ayam tu kathitah kalpo

> > dvitiyasyapi bharata

> > varaha iti vikhyato

> > yatrasic chukaro harih

> > ayam: this; tu: but; kathitah: known as; kalpah: the current millennium; dvitiyasya: of the second half; api: certainly; bharata: O descendant of Bharata; varahah: Varaha; iti: thus; vikhyatah: is celebrated; yatra: in which; asit: appeared; sukarah: hog shape; harih: the Personality of Godhead.

> > TRANSLATION

> > O descendant of Bharata, the first millennium in the second half of the life of Brahma is also known as the Varaha millennium because the Personality of Godhead appeared in that millennium as the hog incarnation.

> > ******

> > TEXT 38

> > halo 'yam dvi-parardhakhyo

> > nimesa upacaryate

> > avyakrtasyanantasya

> > hy anader jagad-atmanah

> > kalah: eternal time; ayam: this (as measured by Brahma's duration of life); dvi-parardha-akhyah: measured by the two halves of Brahma's life; nimesah: less than a second; upacaryate: is so measured; avyakrtasya: of one who is unchanged; anantasya: of the unlimited; hi: certainly; anadeh: of the beginningless; jagat-atmanah: of the soul of the universe.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The duration of the two parts of Brahma's life, as above mentioned, is calculated to be equal to one nimesa [less than a second] for the Supreme Personality of Godhead, who is unchanging and unlimited and is the cause of all causes of the universe.

> > ******

> > TEXT 39

> > kalo 'yam paramanv-adir

> > dvi-parardhanta isvarah

> > naivesitum prabhur bhumna

> > isvaro dhama-maninam

> > kalah: the eternal time; ayam: this; parama-anu: atom; adih: beginning from; dvi-parardha: two superdurations of time; antah: to the end; isvarah: controller; na: never; eva: certainly; isitum: to control; prabhuh: capable; bhumnah: of the Supreme; isvarah: controller; dhama-maninam: of those who are body conscious.

> > TRANSLATION

> > Eternal time is certainly the controller of different dimensions, from that of the atom up to the superdivisions of the duration of Brahma's life; but, nevertheless, it is controlled by the Supreme. Time can control only those who are body conscious, even up to the Satyaloka or the other higher planets of the universe.

> > ******

> > TEXT 40

> > viharaih sahito yuktair

> > visesadibhir avrtah

> > andakoso bahir ayam

> > pancasat-koti-vistrtah

> > viharaih: by the transformation of the elements; sahitah: along with; yuktaih: being so amalgamated; visesa: manifestations; adibhih: by them; avrtah: covered; anda-kosah: the universe; bahih: outside; ayam: this; pancasat: fifty; koti: ten million; vistrtah: widespread.

> > TRANSLATION

> > This phenomenal material world is expanded to a diameter of four billion miles, as a combination of eight material elements transformed into sixteen further categories, within and without, as follows.

> > ******

> > TEXT 41

> > dasottaradhikair yatra

> > pravistah paramanuvat

> > laksyate 'ntar-gatas canye

> > kotiso hy anda-rasayah

> > dasa-uttara-adhikaih: with ten times greater thickness; yatra: in which; pravistah: entered; parama-anu-vat: like atoms; laksyate: it (the mass of universes) appears; antah-gatah: come together; ca: and; anye: in the other; kotisah: clustered; hi: for; anda-rasayah: huge combination of universes.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The layers or elements covering the universes are each ten times thicker than the one before, and all the universes clustered together appear like atoms in a huge combination.

> > ******

> > TEXT 42

> > tad ahur aksaram brahma

> > sa rva-harana-haranam

> > visnor dhama param saksat

> > purusasya mahatmanah

> > tat: that; ahuh: is said; aksaram: infallible; brahma: the supreme; sarva-harana: all causes; haranam: the supreme cause; visnoh dhama: the spiritual abode of Visnu; param: the supreme; saksat: without doubt; purusasya: of the purusa incarnation; mahatmanah: of the Maha-Visnu.

> > TRANSLATION

> > The Supreme Personality of Godhead, Sri Krsna, is therefore said to be the original cause of all causes. Thus the spiritual abode of Visnu is eternal without a doubt, and it is also the abode of Maha-Visnu, the origin of all manifestations.

> > Back to the running text